By default, make executes the first target it encounters in your Makefile. This works fine for simple projects, but as Makefiles grow and you have multiple build configurations, deployment targets, and test suites, you’ll need explicit control over which target runs by default. The .DEFAULT_GOAL Variable The cleanest way to change the default target is…
The classic LaTeX workflow requires running pdflatex multiple times with BibTeX in between: pdflatex main.tex bibtex main pdflatex main.tex pdflatex main.tex This seems redundant, but there’s a solid reason for it. How the Three-Pass Workflow Works First LaTeX pass: LaTeX processes your document and writes all \cite{} commands to the .aux file. At this point,…
Password-less SSH login is faster, more secure, and essential for automation. Combining it with remote command execution lets you run tasks on servers from your local machine without interactive authentication. Setting Up SSH Key-Based Authentication Generate SSH Keys First, generate an ED25519 key pair on your local machine (A): ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C “user@hostname” -f…
Python’s str.split() method splits a string by a separator and returns a list. Here are the common patterns: “a string separated by space”.split() # [‘a’, ‘string’, ‘separated’, ‘by’, ‘space’] “a,string,separated,by,comma”.split(“,”) # [‘a’, ‘string’, ‘separated’, ‘by’, ‘comma’] Note that calling split() without arguments splits on any whitespace and automatically removes empty strings. Handling consecutive separators When…
When you access a non-existent key in a Python dictionary, you’ll hit a KeyError. There are several approaches to handle this gracefully depending on your use case. The .get() Method The simplest and most common approach: value = my_dict.get(‘key’, ‘default_value’) This returns the value if the key exists, or the default value if it doesn’t….
Filesystem corruption occasionally happens. When it does, you need fsck to run before the system fully mounts its filesystems. Here’s how to force a filesystem check during the next boot. Using touch to Mark Filesystems The traditional method is to create /forcefsck: sudo touch /forcefsck sudo reboot On the next boot, the system will check…
Achieving high performance in virtualized environments requires careful tuning of kernel parameters, CPU idle states, and hypervisor settings. The goal is to reduce context switching overhead, minimize latency, and keep vCPUs busy rather than cycling through low-power states. Kernel Boot Parameters Add these parameters to your kernel boot line in /etc/default/grub: intel_idle.max_cstate=0 processor.max_cstate=0 idle=poll intel_pstate=disable…
CPU affinity pins a process to specific CPU cores, reducing context switches and improving cache locality. This matters when you need consistent latency or want to isolate workloads on multi-core systems. Using taskset taskset is the standard tool for setting CPU affinity on running processes. The basic syntax: taskset -p -c 0,1,2 <pid> This binds…
GFortran is the GNU Fortran compiler from the GCC toolchain. It’s essential for scientific computing, numerical simulations, and legacy Fortran code maintenance. Quick Install On modern RHEL-based systems (RHEL 9+, Rocky Linux, AlmaLinux, CentOS Stream): sudo dnf install gcc-gfortran On CentOS 7 (EOL since June 2024), the older yum package manager still works: sudo yum…
When you’re managing KVM virtual machines on a Linux host, you often need to identify which OS threads correspond to vCPU threads. This is essential for CPU pinning, performance analysis, and troubleshooting resource contention. Using virsh to List vCPU Thread IDs The most straightforward approach is through virsh, libvirt’s command-line tool: virsh vcpuinfo <domain-name> This…
When truncating strings, you often need to avoid cutting off in the middle of a word. The naive substr() approach will break words, so you need logic to backtrack to the previous word boundary. The problem Given a string like “ab cc dde ffg ff”, if you want a substring of maximum 7 characters starting…
When processing text data, you often need to extract everything from a certain field onward. awk makes this straightforward once you understand the mechanics. Basic Syntax The fundamental approach uses awk’s field variables and looping: awk ‘{for(i=N;i<=NF;i++) printf “%s “, $i; print “”}’ file.txt Replace N with the field number you want to start from….
Files with replication factor 1 are a liability in production HDFS clusters. They have no redundancy, meaning a single node failure results in data loss. Identifying and fixing these files should be part of your regular cluster maintenance. Using the HDFS CLI The most straightforward approach is using hdfs fsck with output parsing: hdfs fsck…
Go’s net/http package provides straightforward methods for sending POST requests. The two main approaches are Post() for raw body content and PostForm() for URL-encoded form data. Using PostForm for Form Data PostForm() handles URL-encoded form submissions automatically, setting the Content-Type header to application/x-www-form-urlencoded: package main import ( “io” “net/http” “net/url” ) func main() { data…
Monitoring server temperatures is essential for preventing hardware damage and maintaining system stability. Linux provides several tools to query thermal sensors and identify which components are running hot. Using lm-sensors The most reliable approach is lm-sensors, a userspace tool that reads temperature data from kernel drivers: # Install lm-sensors sudo apt install lm-sensors # Debian/Ubuntu…
BAM files store aligned sequence reads in a compressed binary format. Counting reads by chromosome is a common task in genomics workflows—useful for quality control, coverage analysis, and identifying potential sequencing biases. Using samtools idxstats The fastest and most straightforward approach is samtools idxstats, which requires an indexed BAM file: samtools index reads.bam samtools idxstats…
EncFS is a transparent encrypted filesystem that works well on Linux and macOS, but Windows doesn’t support it natively. If you’re migrating from Linux or need EncFS-specific functionality on Windows, you’ll need to either run it in a virtual machine or switch to Windows-native alternatives. Why EncFS Doesn’t Work on Windows EncFS relies on FUSE…
When you need to break up a large gzip file into smaller chunks, you have several practical options depending on your constraints. Using zcat with split The most straightforward approach is to decompress the gzip file and split it simultaneously: zcat large_file.gz | split -b 100M – chunk_ gzip chunk_* This decompresses large_file.gz, pipes it…
When a Bash script spawns child processes—say script A starts B, which starts C, which runs rsync—you need a way to terminate the entire process tree cleanly. Simply killing the parent leaves orphaned children running in the background. The most reliable approach uses session IDs (SID). By default, child processes inherit the same session ID…
The modification time (mtime) indicates when a file’s content was last changed. This is critical for scripting, backups, logging, and dependency tracking in builds. Using stat The stat command is the most reliable tool for retrieving mtime programmatically: stat -c %Y filename This outputs the Unix timestamp (seconds since epoch). For nanosecond precision: stat -c…