pcre2stack (3) - Linux Manuals
pcre2stack: Perl-compatible regular expressions (revised API)
NAME
PCRE2 - Perl-compatible regular expressions (revised API)PCRE2 DISCUSSION OF STACK USAGE
When you call pcre2_match(), it makes use of an internal function called match(). This calls itself recursively at branch points in the pattern, in order to remember the state of the match so that it can back up and try a different alternative after a failure. As matching proceeds deeper and deeper into the tree of possibilities, the recursion depth increases. The match() function is also called in other circumstances, for example, whenever a parenthesized sub-pattern is entered, and in certain cases of repetition.
Not all calls of match() increase the recursion depth; for an item such as a* it may be called several times at the same level, after matching different numbers of a's. Furthermore, in a number of cases where the result of the recursive call would immediately be passed back as the result of the current call (a "tail recursion"), the function is just restarted instead.
Each time the internal match() function is called recursively, it uses memory from the process stack. For certain kinds of pattern and data, very large amounts of stack may be needed, despite the recognition of "tail recursion". Note that if PCRE2 is compiled with the -fsanitize=address option of the GCC compiler, the stack requirements are greatly increased.
The above comments apply when pcre2_match() is run in its normal interpretive manner. If the compiled pattern was processed by pcre2_jit_compile(), and just-in-time compiling was successful, and the options passed to pcre2_match() were not incompatible, the matching process uses the JIT-compiled code instead of the match() function. In this case, the memory requirements are handled entirely differently. See the pcre2jit documentation for details.
The pcre2_dfa_match() function operates in a different way to pcre2_match(), and uses recursion only when there is a regular expression recursion or subroutine call in the pattern. This includes the processing of assertion and "once-only" subpatterns, which are handled like subroutine calls. Normally, these are never very deep, and the limit on the complexity of pcre2_dfa_match() is controlled by the amount of workspace it is given. However, it is possible to write patterns with runaway infinite recursions; such patterns will cause pcre2_dfa_match() to run out of stack. At present, there is no protection against this.
The comments that follow do NOT apply to pcre2_dfa_match(); they are relevant only for pcre2_match() without the JIT optimization.
Reducing pcre2_match()'s stack usage
You can often reduce the amount of recursion, and therefore the amount of stack used, by modifying the pattern that is being matched. Consider, for example, this pattern:
It matches from wherever it starts until it encounters "<inet" or the end of
the data, and is the kind of pattern that might be used when processing an XML
file. Each iteration of the outer parentheses matches either one character that
is not "<" or a "<" that is not followed by "inet". However, each time a
parenthesis is processed, a recursion occurs, so this formulation uses a stack
frame for each matched character. For a long string, a lot of stack is
required. Consider now this rewritten pattern, which matches exactly the same
strings:
This uses very much less stack, because runs of characters that do not contain
"<" are "swallowed" in one item inside the parentheses. Recursion happens only
when a "<" character that is not followed by "inet" is encountered (and we
assume this is relatively rare). A possessive quantifier is used to stop any
backtracking into the runs of non-"<" characters, but that is not related to
stack usage.
This example shows that one way of avoiding stack problems when matching long
subject strings is to write repeated parenthesized subpatterns to match more
than one character whenever possible.
In environments where stack memory is constrained, you might want to compile
PCRE2 to use heap memory instead of stack for remembering back-up points when
pcre2_match() is running. This makes it run more slowly, however. Details
of how to do this are given in the
pcre2build
documentation. When built in this way, instead of using the stack, PCRE2
gets memory for remembering backup points from the heap. By default, the memory
is obtained by calling the system malloc() function, but you can arrange
to supply your own memory management function. For details, see the section
entitled
"The match context"
in the
pcre2api
documentation. Since the block sizes are always the same, it may be possible to
implement customized a memory handler that is more efficient than the standard
function. The memory blocks obtained for this purpose are retained and re-used
if possible while pcre2_match() is running. They are all freed just
before it exits.
You can set limits on the number of times the internal match() function
is called, both in total and recursively. If a limit is exceeded,
pcre2_match() returns an error code. Setting suitable limits should
prevent it from running out of stack. The default values of the limits are very
large, and unlikely ever to operate. They can be changed when PCRE2 is built,
and they can also be set when pcre2_match() is called. For details of
these interfaces, see the
pcre2build
documentation and the section entitled
"The match context"
in the
pcre2api
documentation.
As a very rough rule of thumb, you should reckon on about 500 bytes per
recursion. Thus, if you want to limit your stack usage to 8Mb, you should set
the limit at 16000 recursions. A 64Mb stack, on the other hand, can support
around 128000 recursions.
The pcre2test test program has a modifier called "find_limits" which, if
applied to a subject line, causes it to find the smallest limits that allow a a
pattern to match. This is done by calling pcre2_match() repeatedly with
different limits.
In Unix-like environments, there is not often a problem with the stack unless
very long strings are involved, though the default limit on stack size varies
from system to system. Values from 8Mb to 64Mb are common. You can find your
default limit by running the command:
Unfortunately, the effect of running out of stack is often SIGSEGV, though
sometimes a more explicit error message is given. You can normally increase the
limit on stack size by code such as this:
This reads the current limits (soft and hard) using getrlimit(), then
attempts to increase the soft limit to 100Mb using setrlimit(). You must
do this before calling pcre2_match().
Using setrlimit(), as described above, should also work on Mac OS X. It
is also possible to set a stack size when linking a program. There is a
discussion about stack sizes in Mac OS X at this web site:
http://developer.apple.com/qa/qa2005/qa1419.html.
Compiling PCRE2 to use heap instead of stack for pcre2_match()
Limiting pcre2_match()'s stack usage
Changing stack size in Unix-like systems
Changing stack size in Mac OS X
AUTHOR
Philip Hazel
University Computing Service
Cambridge, England.
REVISION
Last updated: 21 November 2014
Copyright (c) 1997-2014 University of Cambridge.