mlton (1) - Linux Manuals
mlton: whole-program compiler for the Standard ML (SML) programming
NAME
mlton - whole-program compiler for the Standard ML (SML) programming languageSYNOPSIS
mlton [option ...] file.{c|cm|mlb|o|sml} [file.{c|o|s|S} ...]DESCRIPTION
MLton is run from the command line with a collection of options followed by a file name and a list of files with which to compile, assemble, and link with. The simplest case is to run mlton foo.sml, where foo.sml contains a valid SML program, in which case MLton compiles the program to produce an executable foo. Since MLton does not support separate compilation, the program must be the entire program you wish to compile. However, the program may refer to signatures and structures defined in the Basis Library.
Larger programs, spanning many files, may be compiled with the ML Basis system. In this case, mlton foo.mlb will compile the complete SML program described by the basis foo.mlb, which may specify both SML files and additional bases. See the MLton Guide for details.
MLton also supports a limited subset of SML/NJ Compilation Manager (CM) files. For example, mlton foo.cm will compile the complete SML program consisting of the concatenation of all the SML files referred to (either directly or indirectly) by foo.cm.
MLton's compile-time options control the name of the output file, the verbosity of compile-time messages, and whether or not certain optimizations are performed. They also can specify which intermediate files are saved and can stop the compilation process early, at some intermediate pass, in which case compilation can be resumed by passing the generated files to MLton. MLton uses the input file suffix to determine the type of input program. The possibilities are .c, .cm, .mlb, .o, .S, and .sml.
With no arguments, MLton prints the version number and exits. For a usage message, run MLton with an invalid switch, e.g. mlton -z. In the explanation below and in the usage message, for flags that take a number of choices (e.g. {true|false}), the first value listed is the default.
Compile-time options
- -align {4|8}
-
Aligns object sizes and doubles in memory by the specified alignment.
The default varies depending on architecture.
- -as-opt option
-
Pass option to gcc when assembling.
- -cc-opt option
-
Pass option to gcc when compiling C code.
- -codegen {native|x86|amd64|c|bytecode}
-
Generate native code, C code, or byte code. With -codegen
native (-codegen x86 or -codegen amd64), MLton
typically compiles more quickly and generates better code.
- -const 'name value'
-
Set the value of a compile-time constant. Here is a list of available
constants, their default values, and what they control.
Exn.keepHistory {false|true} Enable MLton.Exn.history. There is a performance cost to setting this to true, both in memory usage of exceptions and in run time, because of additional work that must be performed at each exception construction, raise, and handle.
- -default-ann ann
-
Specify default ML Basis annotations. For
example, -default-ann 'warnUnused true'
causes unused variable warnings to be enabled by default.
Defaults may be overridden by an annotation in an ML Basis file.
- -default-type type
-
Specify the default binding for a primitive type. For example,
-default-type word64 causes the top-level type word and
the top-level structure Word in the Basis Library to be equal to
Word64.word and Word64:WORD, respectively. Similarly,
-default-type intinf causes the top-level type int and
the top-level structure Int in the Basis Library to be equal to
IntInf.int and IntInf:INTEGER, respectively.
- -disable-ann ann
-
Ignore the specified ML Basis annotation in every ML Basis File. For example,
to see all match and unused warnings, compile with
-default-ann 'warnUnused true',
-disable-ann forceUsed,
-disable-ann nonexhaustiveMatch,
-disable-ann redundantMatch,
and -disable-ann warnUnused.
- -export-header file
-
Write C prototypes to file for all of the functions in the
program exported from SML to C.
- -ieee-fp {false|true}
-
Cause the x86 native code generator to be pedantic about following the IEEE
floating point standard. By default, it is not, because of the
performance cost. This only has an effect with -codegen x86.
- -inline n
-
Set the inlining threshold used in the optimizer. The threshold is an
approximate measure of code size of a procedure. The default is 320.
- -keep {g|o|sml}
-
Save intermediate files. If no -keep argument is given, then
only the output file is saved.
g generated .S and .c files passed to gcc and the assembler
o object (.o) files
sml SML file - -link-opt option
-
Pass option to gcc when linking. You can use this to
specify library search paths, e.g. -link-opt -Lpath, and
libraries to link with, e.g. -link-opt -lfoo, or even both at
the same time, e.g. -link-opt '-Lpath -lfoo'. If you wish to
pass an option to the linker, you must use gcc's -Wl,
syntax, e.g., -link-opt '-Wl,--export-dynamic'.
- -mlb-path-map file
-
Use file as an ML Basis path map to define additional MLB path variables.
Multiple uses of -mlb-path-map are allowed, with variable
definitions in later path maps taking precendence over earlier ones.
- -output file
-
Specify the name of the final output file.
The default name is the input file name with its suffix removed and an
appropriate, possibly empty, suffix added.
- -profile {no|alloc|count|time}
-
Produce an executable that gathers profiling data. When
such an executable is run, it will produce an mlmon.out file.
The man page on mlprof describes how to extract information from
this file.
- -profile-branch {false|true}
-
If true, the profiler will separately gather profiling data
for each branch of a function definition, case
expression, and if expression.
- -profile-stack {false|true}
-
If true, the profiler will gather profiling data for all
functions on the stack, not just the currently executing function.
- -profile-val {false|true}
-
If true, the profiler will separately gather profiling data
for each (expansive) val declaration.
- -runtime arg
-
Pass argument to the runtime system via @MLton. The argument
will be processed before other @MLton command line switches.
Multiple uses of -runtime are allowed, and will pass all the
arguments in order. If the same runtime switch occurs more than once,
then the last setting will take effect. There is no need to supply the
leading @MLton or the trailing --; these will be
supplied automatically.
An argument to -runtime may contain spaces, which will cause the argument to be treated as a sequence of words by the runtime. For example, the command line: mlton -runtime 'ram-slop 0.4' foo.sml will cause foo to run as if it had been called like foo @MLton ram-slop 0.4 --
An executable created with -runtime stop doesn't proces any @MLton arguments. This is useful to create an executable, e.g. echo, that must treat @MLton like any other command-line argument. % mlton -runtime stop echo.sml % echo @MLton -- @MLton --
- -show-basis file
-
Pretty print to file the basis defined by the input program.
- -show-def-use file
-
Output def-use information to file. Each identifier that is
defined appears on a line, follwed on subequent lines by the position
of each use.
- -stop {f|g|o|sml|tc}
-
Specify when to stop.
f list of files on stdout (only makes sense when input is foo.cm or foo.mlb)
g generated .S and .c files
o object (.o) files
sml SML file (only makes sense when input is foo.cm or foo.mlb)
tc after type checking If you compile -stop g or -stop o, you can resume compilation by running MLton on the generated .c and .S or .o files. - -target {self|...}
-
Generate an executable that runs on the specified platform. The
default is self, which means to compile for the machine that
MLton is running on. To use any other target, you must first
install a cross compiler. See the MLton Guide for
details.
- -target-as-opt target option
-
Like -as-opt, this passes option to gcc when assembling,
except it only passes option when the target architecture or
operating system is target.
Valid values for target are:
amd64, hppa, powerpc, sparc, x86,
aix, cygwin, darwin, freebsd, hpuxP, linux,
mingw, netbsd, openbsd, solaris.
- -target-cc-opt target option
-
Like -cc-opt, this passes option to gcc when compiling
C code, except it only passes option when the target architecture
or operating system is target. Valid values for target
are as for -target-as-opt.
- -target-link-opt target option
-
Like -link-opt, this passes option to gcc when linking,
except it only passes option when the target architecture or
operating system is target.
Valid values for target are as for -target-as-opt.
- -verbose {0|1|2|3}
-
How verbose to be about what passes are running. The default is 0.
0 silent
1 calls to compiler, assembler, and linker
2 1, plus intermediate compiler passes
3 2, plus some data structure sizes
Runtime system options
Executables produced by MLton take command line arguments that control the runtime system. These arguments are optional, and occur before the executable's usual arguments. To use these options, the first argument to the executable must be @MLton. The optional arguments then follow, must be terminated by --, and are followed by any arguments to the program. The optional arguments are not made available to the SML program via CommandLine.arguments. For example, a valid call to hello-world is: hello-world @MLton gc-summary fixed-heap 10k -- a b c In the above example, CommandLine.arguments () = ["a", "b", "c"].It is allowed to have a sequence of @MLton arguments, as in: hello-world @MLton gc-summary -- @MLton fixed-heap 10k -- a b c
Run-time options can also control MLton, as in mlton @MLton fixed-heap 0.5g -- foo.sml
- fixed-heap x{k|K|m|M|g|G}
-
Use a fixed size heap of size x, where x is a real number
and the trailing letter indicates its units.
k or K 1024
m or M 1,048,576
g or G 1,073,741,824 A value of 0 means to use almost all the RAM present on the machine.The heap size used by fixed-heap includes all memory allocated by SML code, including memory for the stack (or stacks, if there are multiple threads). It does not, however, include any memory used for code itself or memory used by C globals, the C stack, or malloc.
- gc-messages
-
Print a message at the start and end of every garbage collection.
- gc-summary
-
Print a summary of garbage collection statistics upon program
termination.
- load-world world
-
Restart the computation with the file specified by world, which must have
been created by a call to MLton.World.save by the same
executable. See the MLton Guide for details.
- max-heap x{k|K|m|M|g|G}
-
Run the computation with an automatically resized heap that is never
larger than x, where x is a real number and the trailing
letter indicates the units as with fixed-heap. The
heap size for max-heap is accounted for as with
fixed-heap.
- no-load-world
-
Disable load-world. This can be used as an argument to the
compiler via -runtime no-load-world to create executables that
will not load a world. This may be useful to ensure that set-uid
executables do not load some strange world.
- ram-slop x
-
Multiply x by the amount of RAM on the machine to obtain what
the runtime views as the amount of RAM it can use. Typically x
is less than 1, and is used to account for space used by other
programs running on the same machine.
- stop
-
Causes the runtime to stop processing @MLton arguments once the
next -- is reached. This can be used as an argument to the
compiler via -runtime stop to create executables that don't
process any @MLton arguments.